если общее потребление алкоголя даже повысилось, то чем же обусловлен рост средней продолжительности жизни мужчин в конце 80-х?
откуда вообще могут быть данные о реальном потреблении алкоголя при Горбачёве?

1. см. статистику о коэффициентах смертности/рождаемости по регионам РСФСР, а не СССР в целом
2. потребление нелегального алкоголя в СССР всегда опередлялось по косвеным данным МВД самогоноварении, Минздрава об алкоголизме, Госкомстата о резких скачках потребления сахара и т.д.

по ним выходит, что потребление нелегального алкоголя увеличилось с 4 литров в 1984 до 6 литров в 1987, что составляло почти 60% от суммарного потребления алкоголя

я говорю о РСФСР в целом

Впрочем, я, по большому счету, тоже. Кому интересно - читайте людей, котрые занимаются этой темой десятилетия и имеют максимально надежные и полные (насколько возможно) данные.

Notzon FC, Komarov YM, Ermakov SP, Savinykh AI, Hanson MB, Albertorio J. Vital and health statistics: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1985-2000 with an overview of Russian mortality in the 1990s. Vital Health Stat.5 2003;1-58.
Abstract: This report provides comparative vital and health statistics data for recent years for the Russian Federation and the United States. Statistical data for Russia and from the Ministry of Health of Russia and from Goskomstat, the central statistical organization of Russia. Information for the United States comes from various data systems of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) as well as other parts of the Department of Health and Human Services. The initial section of the report summarizes information on recent mortality trends in the Russian Federation. During the 1990s, Russia experienced a major increase in mortality from 1990 to 1994, a substantial reduction in mortality from 1994 to 1998, and another major increase from 1998 to 2000. The mortality overview uses tables and figures to describe mortality changes by age group, sex, and cause of death, and to determine the contribution of each of these to changes in life expectancy. The overview also considers risk factors and other issues underlying these trends, in an attempt to understand the impact of major mortality determinants on changes in life expectancy. The section on vital and health statistics uses tables, figures, and commentary to present information on many different health measures for the populations of the two countries. Topics covered include population size, fertility, life expectancy, infant mortality, death rates, communicable diseases, and various health personnel and health resource measures. The commentary includes a discussion of data quality issues that affect the accuracy and comparability of the information presented. Data are provided for selected years from 1985 to 2000. In addition to national data, mortality information on urban and rural subgroups in Russia is provided. A glossary of terms at the end of the report provides additional information on definitions and data sources and limitations

Notzon FC, Komarov YM, Korotkova AV et al. Maternal and child health statistics: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1985-95. Vital Health Stat.5 1999;i-57, 1

Notzon FC, Komarov YM, Ermakov SP, Sempos CT, Marks JS, Sempos EV. Causes of declining life expectancy in Russia. JAMA 1998; 279:793-800.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Russian life expectancy has fallen sharply in the 1990s, but the impact of the major causes of death on that decline has not been measured. OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of selected causes of death to the dramatic decline in life expectancy in Russia in the years following the breakup of the Soviet Union. DESIGN: Mortality and natality data from the vital statistics systems of Russia and the United States. SETTING: Russia, 1990-1994. POPULATION: Entire population of Russia. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: Mortality rates, life expectancy, and contribution to change in life expectancy. METHODS: Application of standard life-table methods to calculate life expectancy by year, and a partitioning method to assess the contribution of specific causes of death and age groups to the overall decline in life expectancy. United States data presented for comparative purposes. RESULTS: Age-adjusted mortality in Russia rose by almost 33% between 1990 and 1994. During that period, life expectancy for Russian men and women declined dramatically from 63.8 and 74.4 years to 57.7 and 71.2 years, respectively, while in the United States, life expectancy increased for both men and women from 71.8 and 78.8 years to 72.4 and 79.0 years, respectively. More than 75% of the decline in life expectancy was due to increased mortality rates for ages 25 to 64 years. Overall, cardiovascular diseases (heart disease and stroke) and injuries accounted for 65% of the decline in life expectancy while infectious diseases, including pneumonia and influenza, accounted for 5.8%, chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis for 2.4%, other alcohol-related causes for 9.6%, and cancer for 0.7%. Increases in cardiovascular mortality accounted for 41.6% of the decline in life expectancy for women and 33.4% for men, while increases in mortality from injuries (eg, falls, occupational injuries, motor vehicle crashes, suicides, and homicides) accounted for 32.8% of the decline in life expectancy for men and 21.8% for women. CONCLUSION: The striking rise in Russian mortality is beyond the peacetime experience of industrialized countries, with a 5-year decline in life expectancy in 4 years' time. Many factors appear to be operating simultaneously, including economic and social instability, high rates of tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, depression, and deterioration of the health care system. Problems in data quality and reporting appear unable to account for these findings. These results clearly demonstrate that major declines in health and life expectancy can take place rapidly

Суммируя.
1. Люди действительно "перестали хотеть жить", отсюда - инфаркты, травмы, самоубийства. Тут автор статьи, рекомендованной Крыловым, прав. Эффекта "развала здравоохранения", который в первую очередь проявился бы увеличением смертности от инфекционных заболеваний, практически нет.
2. Ниболее тяжело было, как нетрудно догадаться, в 1990-1994. О ситуации в 2000-2003 проще спросить Сергея Ермакова, если его нет - Савиных. А не интервьюировать двоечников.
3. Хотя величина роста смертности в 1990-94 "беспрецендентна в мирное время" и по этому показателю мы съехали из первых рядов в середину списка стран, демографические проблемы могли бы быть исправлены сравнительно небольшим ростом рождаемости.
Увы, этого нет и это главная проблема.

Как-то так.

который в первую очередь проявился бы увеличением смертности от инфекционных заболеваний, практически нет.

вклад инфекционных болезней в сверхсмертность действительно невысок, но рост их относительно их же прежнего уровня весьма значителен.